E-Blog - Kỹ thuật điện Trần Lê

Tran Le introduces Unified All-in-One Solar Energy Storage P12-E14

Trần Đình Quân — Sat, 26 Mar 2022 02:36:55 +0000

Compact all-in-one design, IP54 protected cable for indoor and outdoor installation. Stand up, easy to install. Lithium storage battery and smart BMS. Durable high performance, efficiency up to 98%, flexible application.

It is a product designed and manufactured by Tran Le. Bringing many choices for customers in terms of power reserve, power autonomy, no worry about power failure.

Tran Le introduces Unified All-in-One Solar Energy Storage P5-E14

Trần Đình Quân — Sat, 19 Mar 2022 06:56:48 +0000

It is a product designed and manufactured by Tran Le. Bringing many choices for customers in terms of power reserve, power autonomy, no worry about power failure.

IBC N-Type technology on Sunpower Maxeon panels

quantriweb — Sat, 30 Oct 2021 09:50:57 +0000

Patented Sunpower Maxeon IBC N-Type Technology

Sunpower Maxeon X series solar panels

IBC . base plate technology

Common panels usually have 4 to 6 busbar bands and many small electrical lines (fingerprints) on the cell surface, these structures block part of the light absorbed into the cell. Technology IBC, abbreviation from English is “Interdigitated Back Contact”, there are many current guides (over 30 conductors) interwoven together on the underside of the Cell, the top of the battery cell is completely removed. The obstacles caused by the busbar and the tiny “fingerprint” electrical path, make the battery cell look better, more efficient and more durable.

Sunpower used a full sheet high-grade copper alloy IBC layer on Maxeon battery cells, this technological solution has been patented. With a conductive panel like a highly reflective metal mirror layer, which reflects any light radiation that passes through the Cell layer back into the Cell, significantly improving performance. This Sunpower IBC layer also helps strengthen the Cell to help it withstand stress, can be bent, not brittle like other conventional panels.

The back of the Sunpower Maxeon battery cell

Sunpower’s IBC technology makes Cell more resistant to stress and more durable

Công nghệ cell pin N-Type

A solar cell is a silicon crystalline wafer coated with various chemicals to generate electricity. The basic difference between P-type and N-type battery cells is in the chemical coating on the cell surface, resulting in a different number of electrons. With the P-Type cell, the chemical that coats the silicon wafer is boron, which has fewer electrons than silicon, so the cell has a positive charge, while the N-Type chemical that coats the wafer is phosphorus, which carries more electrons than silicon, so it charges. minus.

The first battery cell successfully manufactured by Bell Laboratories in 1954 was the N-Type back contact type. However, at that time, solar was mainly used for aerospace science and P-type battery cells were better able to withstand space radiation, so it was gradually developed and gradually replaced. N-type solar cells and to this day, when the demand for solar applications is more and more in civil and industrial power generation, P-Type cells with available advantages have gradually invaded and accounted for 80% of the total capacity. bridge.

In ground-based residential and industrial power generation applications, the N-type semiconductor has a superior performance advantage simply because it contains more charge carriers and less attenuation because of the absence of the boron- oxygen, a reaction that significantly degrades the performance of P-type panels when exposed to the sun

Nowadays, the production cost of N-Type Cells is getting cheaper and cheaper because the production technology of N-Type cells has become much more efficient and the increasing requirements for the efficiency and durability of solar panels make it easier to manufacture. Cell N-Type began to be produced more and more and in the future will replace P-Type.

ICB N-Type battery panels for the highest performance today.

The pinnacle in solar panel manufacturing technology today is the combination of IBC panel technology on N-Type panels. Sunpower and LG are two pioneers in Cell IBC N-Type monocrystalline silicon technology with 2 typical battery lines

Sunpower : Maxeon series, maximum efficiency 22.7%
LG: NeON R, maximum efficiency 21.7%

Although the production cost of IBC N-Type panels is expensive, in return, the panel efficiency is very high, the degradation over time is very low, providing high performance with good durability and stability, such as: Sunpower Maxeon battery panels commit to a 25-year to 92% performance warranty, up to 25-year product quality warranty.

Highlights of Sunpower’s IBC N-Type battery cell

Shingled Cell technology on Sunpower P series panels

quantriweb — Sat, 30 Oct 2021 09:50:42 +0000

Công nghệ tấm pin shingled cell là gì.

shingled cell is a new solar panel manufacturing technology, using small sized cells cut out of normal square cells by laser cutting technology, each normal square cell can be cut into 5 to 6 small cells. The small cells are now glued together horizontally or vertically with a special glue to form a strip of cells called shingled cells. The overlapping of the small cells together eliminates the busbar connecting the cells together like on a conventional panel. This unique design allows the cells to cover more of the surface area of the panel and eliminates the covering of the guide rails on the cell surface increasing panel efficiency, another benefit is that these shingled cells are connected parallel to each other and each sequence operates independently, greatly reducing the performance loss caused by the shading effect.

Shining cell technology on Sunpower performance series (P series) panels

Sunpower Performance Series panels combine Sunpower ‘s more than 30 years of experience in material technology and manufacturing expertise to produce panels that excel in terms of performance, performance, reliability and aesthetics compared to conventional panels.

Since 2015, the innovative shingled cell Sunpower Performace Series sunpower have been satisfying the high reliability and durability needs of energy developers

More than 1.5GW of Sunpower P series panels have been deployed to date and own a portfolio of many international patents and application patents to ensure a technological advantage. Sunpower believes that Sunbpower Performance Series panels will create a competitive advantage in the market.

The prominence on Sunpower performance series (P series) panels

A groundbreaking shingled cell design that reinvents conventional battery cell technology for added performance and enhanced efficiency

Using conductive adhesive space technology to glue the overlapping cells helps shingled cells better withstand daily temperature changes.
Enhanced cell connectivity creates flexible paths that minimize the impact of cracks on panel performance.
Sunpower’s proprietary technology encapsulation glue minimizes panel degradation under environmental influences.

Watch an introductory video about Shining cells technology on Sunpower Performance Series panels

Who should invest in rooftop solar power?

quantriweb — Sat, 30 Oct 2021 09:48:23 +0000

Rooftop solar power system

In recent years, the beginning of rooftop solar power systems has begun to receive more and more attention from Vietnamese people and businesses because the increasingly cheaper equipment prices have caught the investment ability of Vietnamese people in the near future. when the electricity purchase price is constantly increasing, besides the government’s policies on encouraging investment and development of solar energy take effect and put into practice as Decision No. 11/2017/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister Government and Circular No. 16/2017/TT-BCT of the Ministry of Industry and Trade.

So, who should invest in rooftop solar power? How effective is the investment in solar energy? What are the difficulties, obstacles and risks when investing in solar energy? To answer these questions, experts, consultants, suppliers and installers need to analyze each load and give accurate answers. However, the preliminary analysis can be as follows for each group of loads according to EVN’s current electricity price list as follows:

Business load group:

This group includes loads such as Offices, Trade Centers, Office buildings for lease, Restaurants, Hotels, Resorts ..etc. The average electricity purchase price ranges from VND 2,700/kWh to VND 3,000/kWh, even with many loads having higher electricity purchase prices depending on the connection voltage level and the routing of the load. This is the group of loads that buy electricity with the highest price and the characteristics of electricity use are also very suitable for solar power, so considering the purchase price of electricity and setting the point of electricity use, this is the group that benefits the most if Solar investment, payback period from 4 to 6 years. The biggest obstacle of this group is that most of them are high-rise buildings, the roof area is often much smaller than the usable area, so investing in solar energy can only reduce a little compared to the demand for electricity.
Production load group:

This group includes the loads that are factories, enterprises, and manufacturing companies. The average electricity purchase price is from 1,500 VND/Kwh to 2,000 VND/KWh, although it is a group that buys electricity at a low price, the demand for electricity is large, the roof is wide, the construction is easy and the investment in solar energy system is Due to the large capacity, the investment rate is low, so the payback period of this load group is about 7 to 9 years depending on the project. Unlike some manufacturing industries, electricity costs account for a large proportion of production costs, if investing in solar energy, investors will save costs and increase the competitiveness of businesses in the market.
Group of daily loads:

This group of loads buys electricity according to the ladder electricity price, the more you use it, the higher the average cost of buying electricity, the average household in Ho Chi Minh City is about 2000 VND/Kwh to 2,500 VND/Kwh or fixed unit price with a cost of 2,271VND/kWh. Thus, with this load group, the installation of solar energy is also significantly effective, the payback period is about 5 to 7 years, however, there are still many obstacles for this group of loads when investing in electricity. solar energy such as: (1) The electricity usage characteristics of this load group are often concentrated at night and rarely used during the day while the current electricity price compensation mechanism is not really applied; (2) This group of loads mostly uses single-phase electricity and according to regulations can only install up to 3KWp Solar energy, so it can only meet part of the demand; (3) The roof is quite complicated leading to high investment costs and many roofs are obscured by adjacent houses..etc.

Other added values when investing in solar energy.

In addition to evaluating investment efficiency in terms of finance, payback period. Investors also gain additional values through the installation of a solar power system such as using clean energy, demonstrating their contribution to energy saving and environmental protection, and enhancing the image of investors. business with friends, partners and customers.

Besides, the investment and use of clean energy is also highly appreciated in the case that enterprises want to obtain the certification of energy-saving and environmentally friendly design such as LEED or Lotus for their buildings and factories. LEED or Lotus certification is one of the investment goals of many enterprises producing goods for export to markets such as the US, Japan and European countries.

Group of experts Tran Le

Solar water pump provides sustainable water

quantriweb — Sat, 30 Oct 2021 09:48:11 +0000

Millions of people around the world are living without water. In many communities, groundwater is pumped up by electric pumps, using diesel engines to fuel their systems. However, these systems are not only expensive, frequent maintenance and fuel purchase, they emit carbon dioxide that pollutes the atmosphere.

Solar water pumping, or photovoltaic (PVP) water pumping, offers an alternative. After years of research and technological advancement, it has been proven to be well-functioning, economical and environmentally friendly. In recent years, the cost of solar technology has dropped a lot. Prices for solar panels used in these systems have dropped by up to 80%. In addition, the service life of these panels is extended to more than 25 years, requiring very little maintenance during this time.

These factors have made solar water pumping an extremely effective way to expand energy access across developing countries and communities. It also increases adaptation to changes in precipitation due to climate change or erratic non-seasonal weather. Some governments have opted to subsidize the cost of solar pumping, enhancing shared learning for this emerging technology.

Although solar water pumping is poised to become a global trend and is starting to take off in some parts of the world, its benefits are still not widely known to the public, the government. and organisations.

Source: http://www.worldbank.org

Limit harmonics – Improve grid quality

quantriweb — Sat, 30 Oct 2021 09:48:02 +0000

What are harmonics?

Harmonic is an unwanted interference that directly affects the quality of the power grid and should be taken into account when the total harmonic currents are higher than the allowable limit. Harmonic current is a current whose frequency is a multiple of the fundamental frequency. For example, a 250Hz line on a 50Hz grid is a 5th harmonic. The 250Hz current is an unusable energy flow with devices on the grid. Therefore, it will be converted to heat energy and cause loss.

How is the comedy line created?

Harmonic currents and voltages are generated by nonlinear loads connected to the power distribution system. All electrical energy converters used in different forms in the power system can increase harmonic noise by injecting harmonic current directly into the grid. Common nonlinear loads include motor starters, electric drive systems, computers and other electronics, electronic lights, soldering supplies, and more.

Effect of harmonics

Harmonics can cause cables to overheat, damaging insulation. The motor can also overheat or cause noise and fluctuations in the torque on the rotor leading to mechanical resonance and vibration. Capacitors overheat and in most cases can lead to dielectric destruction. Electrical displays and lights may flicker, protective devices may cut off power, computers may fail (data network) and measurement equipment may give incorrect readings.

Solution to reduce harmonic emission effects from inverters?

The transformers themselves contain nonlinear elements that are the source of harmonics. However, the harmonic current more or less depends on the structure of the drive system and the load, if using a large motor (compared to the power transformer) or increasing the motor load will increase the harmonic current. Therefore, to reduce harmonics, industrial manufacturers must use low-harmonic frequency converters or use external filtering methods. In which, in order to reduce the harmonic current, it is necessary to increase the AC, DC inductance or increase the number of rectifier valves in the rectifier and reduce the harmonic voltage caused by the harmonic current to increase the transformer capacity, reduce the transformer impedance or increase the voltage. short circuit capacity of the source.

Using 6 pulse, 12 pulse and 24 pulse rectifier

The rectifier circuit in 3-phase inverters using pulse width modulation (PWM) technology is usually a 6-valve diode bridge. Such rectifiers are simple, rugged, and cheap, but the input component contains many low-order harmonics.

A 12-valve diode rectifier bridge is made by connecting two 6-valve rectifiers in parallel, which produces a smoother current than a 6-valve bridge. Similarly, a 24-valve rectifier is simply made up of four sets of six valves together.

Using IGBT (Integrated Gate Bipolar Thyristor) bridge

An IGBT active converter can be used to rectify the input AC voltage. It will help to improve the power factor, reduce harmonics and bring many benefits such as: Safety even when power is lost; precise full-range control in rectification and regenerative modes; allowing energy to be returned to the grid; The supply current has a near sine waveform with a small harmonic component. The IGBT has less low harmonics at low frequencies, but high gain at higher frequencies; capable of raising voltage. When the supply voltage is dropped, the DC voltage can be boosted to keep the motor voltage higher than the supply voltage.

Harmonic reduction method

ABB’s harmonic reduction converters provide a simple harmonic lowering solution incorporated in the inverter. These inverters use harmonic reduction technology without the use of external filters or multi-pulse transformers. Harmonic-reducing inverters produce low-order harmonics on the input side with a total distortion current of less than 5%.

Therefore, ABB’s harmonic reduction inverters provide a simple, low-cost solution to meet stringent power quality standards.

Improve grid power quality

In inverters with 6-pulse diode bridge, the grid-side current is non-sinusoidal and contains bi-harmonic components, especially 5th and 7th order components. It is represented by a distorted current pattern, which can be up to 30-50 %. In ABB’s harmonic reduction inverter, the use of DTC (Direct Torque Control) method and filter will reduce the harmonic current by less than 5%. The result is a sinusoidal current that makes the shape of the mains voltage almost distortion-free.

Relay encoder table according to Ansi

quantriweb — Sat, 30 Oct 2021 09:47:59 +0000

Relay encoding table according to ANSI. Normally, we choose the protection relays according to the protection function, such as overcurrent protection relay, earth fault relay, leakage current protection relay, overvoltage protection relay, undervoltage protection relay, relay phase loss protection, phase reversal protection relay, low frequency protection relay, over frequency protection relay, motor rotor lock protection relay…

However, in some technical drawings, the function of protective relays is often denoted by numbers, for example 50, 50N, 51, 51N. To choose the right relay according to these drawings, we must understand the meaning of these relay symbol parameters. Normally, the relays with the above numbers will comply with the notation of the relay name table according to ANSI as follows:

01 – Master Element
02 – Time Delay Starting or Closing Relay
03 – Checking or Interlocking Relay
04 – Master Contactor
05 – Stopping Device
06 – Starting Circuit Breaker
07 – Rate of Change Relay
08 – Control Power Disconnecting Device
09 – Reversing Device
10 – Unit Sequence Switch
11 – Multi-function Device
12 – Overspeed Device
13 – Synchronous-speed Device
14 – Underspeed Device
15 – Speed – or Frequency, Matching Device
16 – Data Communications Device (see note 5)
17 – Shunting or Discharge Switch
18 – Accelerating or Decelerating Device
19 – Starting to Running Transition Contactor
20 – Electrically Operated Valve
21 – Distance Relay
22 – Equalizer Circuit Breaker
23 – Temperature Control Device
24 – Volts Per Hertz Relay
25 – Synchronizing or Synchronism-Check Device
26 – Apparatus Thermal Device
27 – Undervoltage Relay
28 – Flame Detector
29 – Isolating Contactor or Switch
30 – Annunciator Relay
31 – Separate Excitation Device
32 – Directional Power Relay
33 – Position Switch
34 – Master Sequence Device
35 – Brush-Operating or Slip-Ring Short-Circuiting Device
36 – Polarity or Polarizing Voltage Devices
37 – Undercurrent or Underpower Relay
38 – Bearing Protective Device
39 – Mechanical Condition Monitor
40 – Field (over/under excitation) Relay
41 – Field Circuit Breaker
42 – Running Circuit Breaker
43 – Manual Transfer or Selector Device
44 – Unit Sequence Starting Relay
45 – Abnormal Atmospheric Condition Monitor
46 – Reverse-phase or Phase-Balance Current Relay
47 – Phase-Sequence or Phase-Balance Voltage Relay
48 – Incomplete Sequence Relay
49 – Machine or Transformer, Thermal Relay
50 – Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
51 – AC Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
52 – AC Circuit Breaker
53 – Exciter or DC Generator Relay
54 – Turning Gear Engaging Device
55 – Power Factor Relay
56 – Field Application Relay
57 – Short-Circuiting or Grounding (Earthing) Device
58 – Rectification Failure Relay
59 – Overvoltage Relay
60 – Voltage or Current Balance Relay
61 – Density Switch or Sensor
62 – Time-Delay Stopping or Opening Relay
63 – Pressure Switch
64 – Ground (Earth) Detector Relay
65 – Governor
66 – Notching or Jogging Device
67 – AC Directional Overcurrent Relay
68 – Blocking or “Out-of-Step” Relay
69 – Permissive Control Device
70 – Rheostat
71 – Liquid Level Switch
72 – DC Circuit Breaker
73 – Load-Resistor Contactor
74 – Alarm Relay
75 – Position Changing Mechanism
76 – DC Overcurrent Relay
77 – Telemetering Device
78 – Phase-Angle Measuring Relay
79 – AC Reclosing Relay
80 – Flow Switch
81 – Frequency Relay
82 – DC Reclosing Relay
83 – Automatic Selective Control or Transfer Relay
84 – Operating Mechanism
85 – Communications,Carrier or Pilot-Wire Relay
86 – Lockout Relay
87 – Differential Protective Relay
88 – Auxiliary Motor or Motor Generator
89 – Line Switch
90 – Regulating Device
91 – Voltage Directional Relay
92 – Voltage and Power Directional Relay
93 – Field Changing Contactor
94 – Tripping or Trip-Free Relay
95 – For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
96 – For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
97 – For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
98 – For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
99 – For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
AFD – Arc Flash Detector
CLK – Clock or Timing Source
DDR – Dynamic Disturbance Recorder
DFR – Digital Fault Recorder
ENV – Environmental Data
HIZ – High Impedance Fault Detector
HMI – Human Machine Interface
HST – Historian
LGC – Scheme Logic
MET – Substation Metering
PDC – Phasor Data Concentrator
PMU – Phasor Measurement Unit
PQM – Power Quality Monitor
RIO – Remote Input/Output Device
RTU – Remote Terminal Unit/Data Concentrator
SER – Sequence of Events Recorder
TCM – Trip Circuit Monitor
SOTF – Switch On To Fault